描写木星的英文句子汇总五篇
日期：2023年07月06日 分类：励志名言
英语revision语句的教学指导
教学目标
教学目标与要点
1．掌握本单元的词汇和部分短语的用法。如：so far，send up，make up，put off，etc.
2．能正确表达两地距离，根据列车里程表进行分析。
3．能熟练谈论购物、选择电视节目、物品的产地和用途等话题，掌握相关的日常用语。
4．学习构词法：n + n → n；n + ing／-en → adj；v + er/ or →n；如：fire + place = fireplace，interest - interesting, print - printer
5．认真学习课文The Universe and Man - made Satellites，扩大知识面，了解航天等前沿科技。
6．复习、归纳动词不定式、被动语态的构成和用法及相关注意事项，省去to的动词不定式，必须加上to的被动语态等。如：help sb．do sth，be made to do sth．
本单元词组和日常交际用语
(一) 本单元词组和短语
send sb an email 给……发电子邮件
different parts of the computer 电脑的不同部件
put … together 把……连在一起；组装……指向……
put information into the computer 把信息输入电脑
provide information on a screen 在屏幕上提供信息
point at… 指向……
talk about… 谈论……
travel around… 围绕……运行
send up … into… 往……发射…..
spaceships without people 无人的宇宙飞船
use … to do … 用……做……
send and receive messages 发射和接受信息
with the help (of) 在（……的）帮助下
all the time 始终
thanks to… 归功于；幸亏……
people from different countries 来自不同国家的人们
no smoking 禁止吸烟
computer room 微机室；电脑房
spend time alone 独自打发时间
（二）日常交际用语和句型
It is about … kilometres from … to…. 从…… 到…… 大约…… 公里。
How many kilometers by train / plane / boat / car …is it from … to…? 从……到……坐火车/坐飞机/坐船/坐轿车大约……公里。
I want to let you choose what to do. 我想让你选择该干什么。
教学建议一
教材内容分析
本单元是复习单元，我们要复习巩固前面所学5个单元的内容，主要是复习一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态和动词不定式的用法，还有表达计量和距离等的数字表示法。本单元还学习了一些常用词组和简单的构词方法。通过对课文“The Universe and Man - made Satellites”的学习，我们要了解一些有关太空的常识，来激发学习的积极性，提高学习英语的兴趣。课文中出现有现在完成时态的被动语态。同时，我们要能够读懂列车里程表，能熟练地谈论“购物、选择电视节目”等话题，掌握相关日常用语。
本单元重点例句及词语辨析
1. I hope I can make my own computer that way someday. 我希望有朝一日我能在家里用那种方式制造我自己的电脑。
Someday (some day)和one day 都可以表示“总有一天；有朝一日”的意思。
【例】 Someday we’ll go there to visit you though you are too far away from us. We are all going to stay together one day. 虽然你离我们很远，但有朝一日我们一定去看你。总有一天我们会在一起的。
2．I’m sure you can. 我确信你行。
be sure 意为“确信；确定；肯定”，其有三种用法：be sure of sth, be sure to do sth和be sure that从句。
【例】
(1) Are you sure that he is honest?
你能肯定他老实吗？
(2)— Are you sure of it?
— Yes, I am sure.
— 你对这事有把握吗？
— 是的，我确信。
(3)— Be sure to write to me as soon as you get there.
— Of course.
— 你一到那里一定给我写信。
— 当然。
3. When we talk about the universe, we mean the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space between them. 当我们谈论宇宙时，我们指的是地球，太阳，月亮，星星以及它们之间的宇宙空间。
(1) 当我们谈论独一无二的事物说，要在前面加上“the”。如the earth, the sun, the moon。sky的前面必须加the。
(2) 关于space, universe, sky三个词汇的区别
space含“宇宙空间”之意，指大气层以外的太空领域，其前不用冠词，space有时指“间隙；空间”，为不可数名词。；universe含“宇宙万物”之意，指物质，如星星、太阳、月球等，其前常用定冠词the；sky指从地球上看，头顶之上的“天空”，通常与定冠词连用，多用单数形式，如果前在面有形容词修饰，则用“a(an)+形容词+sky”句式。
【例】
Nobody can tell exactly information about when the universe first came into being. But the spaceship travelled through space to the moon brings us hope to study it. Now satellites are used for studying the universe. And we are sure it is not God who makes the universe. We can see a clear, blue sky, and someday we will know more about it. There is no space for doubt. Is it right?
没人能准确说出宇宙是什么时候产生的。但是宇宙飞船登陆月球给我带来研究它的希望。现在卫星用于研究宇宙。我们确信了不是上帝创造了宇宙。我们能看到一个湛蓝、明朗的天空，总有一天，我们会了解到更多。我们没有怀疑的余地。不是吗？
4. The moon travels round the earth. 月球围绕地球转。
（1）travel 在句中意为move, go等，travel还可作“旅行；传播”讲，
【例】He has never travelled to the big cities in the north of China.他从没有旅行过中国北方的大城市。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。
（2）round, around两词都可与动词连用，但与前者连用的动词具有活动性；与后者连用的动词带有静止性，
【例】The students are running round a chair to play a game. 学生们正围着椅子跑，做游戏。
We often sit around the old man and listen to his interesting stories. 我们经常围坐在那个老人周围听他讲有趣的故事。
5. Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
satellite，plane与star这三个单词有相近的含义，但它们的用法各不相同。satellite表示“卫星”，planet表示“行星”，star表示“星星”。
(1)satellite具体来说，有两种含义：一种是指卫星，也就是说围绕行星运行的天体，它本是不发光。
【例】The moon is a satellite of the earth．
月亮是地球的卫星。
另一种意义是人造卫星，即：围绕着某个天体转的由人类发射的卫星。
【例】A new artificial satellite has been launched again by China．
中国又发射了一颗新人造卫星。
其他与satellite连用的名词。
【例】a satellite station 卫星电台
a manned satellite 载入卫星
(2) planet是“行星”，也就是说围绕太阳运转的天体，本身不发光，只能反射太阳光。例如：
Do you know the nine major planets?
你知道九大行星吗？
（九个行星是：Mercury 水星；Venus金星；the Earth地球；Mars火星；Jupiter 木星； Saturn土星；Uranus天王星；Neptune海王星；Pluto冥王星）
(3) star是“恒星；星星”，它有两层含义：一是泛指夜晚我们天空中见到的所有的天体；二是其本身能发光和热的天体。
【例】the evening star 昏星
the morning star 晨星
the North star 北极星
另外：star还有其他的意义：
the Red Flag with Five Stars 五星红旗
film stars 影星（电影明星）
famous stars明星
6. So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon, but spaceships without people have reached other parts of the universe. 到目前为止，还没有人到达比月球更远的地方，但是无人驾驶宇宙飞船已经到达宇宙的其他地方。
(1) so far 的意思是到目前为止，可解释成“until now, up to now”。
【例】They have been to many cities in the south so far. 到目前为止，他们已经去过许多城市了。= They have been to many cities in the south up to now.
(2) without的意思是“无；没有”。它可以用来完成同义句的改写。
【例】Fish can’t live if there is no water. 鱼儿离不开水。= Fish can’t live without water.
(3) These satellites go round the earth and … 这些卫星围绕地球运行……
注意：客观存在的事实在表示一般过去时的句子中做宾语从句，依旧用一般现在时，表示客观真理。如：Our teacher told us that the sun is round.
7. Our knowledge of the universe is growing all the time. 我们对宇宙的认识一直在增长。
(1) knowledge是know的名词形式，作“知识；学问”讲，是不可数名词。one’s knowledge of…的意思是“对……的认识/了解。”knowledge 的前面若有定语修饰，可与a连用，表示“对……某种程度的了解”。
【例】Your knowledge of English is weak. He has a good knowledge of study.
你的英语知识较差。他对学习很在行。
(2) grow作及物动词时，表示“种植”；作不及物动词时，表示“生长；成长；增长；发展；渐渐变成”等意思。
【例】Chinese people are growing more trees to protect their environment．Those trees are growing well．中国人民正在种更多的树以保护环境。那些树长得很好。
She has grown into a pretty girl．But she grows older and older as well．
她长成了一个漂亮的姑娘。但她同时（年纪）也变得越来越大了。
(3) all the time的意思是“一直”，在句中作状语。
【例】We have been here all the time．我们一直都在这儿。
8. The world itself is becoming a much smaller place and people from different countries
now understand each other better. 世界的本身正变得更小，来自不同国家的人们彼此间能更好地相互了解。
反身代词itself在句中做主语the world 的同位语。
【例】Tom himself learns English day and night. I myself will go to the farm to help the farmers.
汤姆自己日日夜夜地学习英语。我自己也将去农场帮助农民。
9．Man-made satellites are about 8,000 kilometres away from the earth．
人造卫星离地球大约有八千公里远。
(1) 这是距离的一种表示方法，距离的表示方法还有：
It’s about 200 metres from my home to our school. = Our school is about 200 metres from my home.
从我家到学校大约有二百米。
The city is about two thousand kilometres by train (from here)．
（从这儿）乘火车去那座城市约有二千公里。
It’s two hours by plane from here to that city.
从这儿乘飞机到那座城市需要二小时。
The post office is about ten minutes’ walk from here．
从这儿步行去邮局大约要十分钟。
(2) earth, world与globe
1) earth作“地球”解，需加the。：
【例】We live on the earth. 我们生活在地球上。
The moon goes round the earth. 月亮围着地球转。
In the Middle Ages it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
中世纪时，一般人都相信地球是宇宙的中心。
Do you know what the earth satellite is?
你知道什么是地球卫星吗？
2) on earth 有两种意思：第一种含义等于in the world，用在不定词或疑问词what, who when, where, why, how的后面，作强调语。
【例】No force in the world / on earth can hold back the wheel of history.
没有任何力量可以阻止历史车轮的前进。
What on earth/in the world is the matter there?
那里究竟发生了什么事情？
Where in the world/on earth can he be?
他到底在哪儿呢？
He didn’t know how in the world/on earth to answer．
他不知道究竟如何回答。
第二种含义：on earth表示“在世界上，在人间”，不用冠词，在这个意义上，on earth等于in the world。
【例】China is one of the greatest nations on earth/in the world．
中国是世界上最伟大的国家之一。
She must be the happiest woman on earth/in the world．
她一定是天底下最幸福的女性。
3）world是“世界”，兼指“全世界的人”。
【例】The whole world is hoping that there will be a lasting peace．
全世界都希望有一个持久的和平。
Egyptian civilization is among the oldest in the world．
埃及文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。
This is an event that shook the world．
这是震撼世界的事件。
4）包含world，earth的短语。
【例】the world to come 来世
bring…into the world 生孩子
before the world 公然地
give to the world 出版，发表
take earth （狐等）逃入洞内
break earth 破土动工
bring sb back to earth 使某人回到现实
5）globe是“地球”，它与earth不一样。 earth谈的是人类所居住的行星，而globe强调形状圆球等。
【例】Now it will take us only a few days to circle the globe by air．
现在我们乘飞机只需几天的工夫就可以绕地球一周。
（这里强调的是：globe圆形，球状体的地球）
a terrestrial globe 地球仪
a celestial globe 天体仪
10．How many kilometres by train is it from Nanjin
g to Wuhan?
从南京到武汉乘火车有多远？
这是一个问两地距离的句型。it 代表距离，from … to 表示“从某处到某处”。
How many kilometres by air is it from Shanghai to Beijing ?
it在句中指代“路程”，同时，它也可以指代“时间，天气，人物”等。
It is colder in Hefei than in Wuhu. 合肥比芜湖冷。（it指气候）
What time is it by your watch? 你的表上是几点钟了？（it指时间）
It is Mike speaking. 我就是Mike. （it指人物）
还有一种询问距离的句型，它不是具体地问有多少公里，而是问“有多远”。句中直接用地名作主语，不用 it 作形式主语。
【例】— How far away is Sydney from Beijing ? 悉尼离北京有多远?
— Sydney is 10, 400 kilometres away from Beijing . 悉尼离北京是10，400公里远。
教学建议二
英语构词法浅析
英语最常见的构词有三种方法：转化，合成，派生。这里我们着重向同学们介绍合成法：
即把两个或更多的词合在一起组成新词（合成名词，合成形容词）。
1）合成名词
名词 + 名词。例如：
hand +bag = handbag 手提包
school + boy = schoolboy 男学生
moon +cake = mooncake 月饼
rail + way = railway 铁路
形容词 + 名词。例如：
black + bar= blackboard黑板 dead + line= deadline最后期限
high + way= highway公路 blue + prints= blueprints蓝图
动名词 + 名词。例如：
post +card = postcard 明信片 play +ground = playground 操场
reading + room =reading-room阅览室 work +place = workplace 操作间
副词 + 名词。例如：
out + break = outbreak 爆发 over + coat = overcoat 大衣
down + fall = downfall下台 up + shot = upshot 结果
介词 + 名词。例如：
after +noon = afternoon 下午
to +day = today 今天
名词 + 介词短语。例如：
editor + in + chief = editor -in -chief 总编辑
comrade + in + arms = comrade -in -arms 战友
father + in + law= father-in-law岳父
sister + in + law =sister -in - law嫂子
2）合成形容词
形容词 + 名词。例如：
new + type = new –type 新式的 bare + foot = bard-foot 光脚的
形容词 + 形容词。例如：
bitter + sweet = bitter-sweet 又苦又甜的
blue + black = blue-black 蓝黑色的
形容词 + 分词。例如：
fresh + looking = fresh-looking 新鲜的
ready + made = ready-made 现成的
名词 + 分词。例如：
peace + loving = peace -loving 爱好和平的
man + made = man-made 人造的
数词 + 名词 + ed。例如：
three + legged = three-legged 三条腿的，三只脚的
two + faced = two-faced 两面派的。
形容词 + 名词 + ed。例如：
open + minded = open- minded 胸襟开阔的
white + haired = white- haired 白发苍苍的
7-11单元语法项目复习列表
动词不定式（The Infinitive）
做宾语，如：He wanted to be an inventor. 他想成为一名发明家。
做宾语补足语，如：Tell her to turn it down. 告诉她将音量关小点儿。
做状语, 如：Later he left home to work in different cities. 后来他离开家在别的地方工作了。
和疑问词连用，如：I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪里。
定语，如：I must buy a pen to write with. 我必须得买只钢笔用。
主动语态与被动语态(The Active Voice And The Passive Voice)
一般现在时的被动语态，如：It is used for cooking. 它是做饭用的。
一般过去时的被动语态，如；Was it made in China? 它是中国制造的吗？
情态动词的被动语态，如：More trees must be planted. 我们还要栽更多的树。
数词（Measurement）
It is ten kilometers long / wide / deep / high.
Beijing is about five hundred kilometers from here.
教学建议三
关于阅读课文的教学建议
本单元第46课是一篇题为“The universe and man-made satellites”的课文，是一篇科技小品。为了引起学生的阅读兴趣，建议让学生带着问题有目的地进行阅读，或在阅读前让学生猜测课文内容，然后再阅读课文，证实他们的猜测。具体做法是：
l．学生们讨论以下问题，并试着回答这些问题。
What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
Why can’t many stars be seen?
How far is the moon away from the earth?
Has the moon been visited by man already?
Have any man-made machines travelled farther than the moon? What are they?
What do you know about the universe?
Why do we say the world itself is becoming smaller and smaller?
2．或者教师根据每个自然段内容，设置如下概括性问题：
1) What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
2) Do you know anything about the moon? Try to say something about it.
3) What is a man-made satellite? Whats it used for?
4) Please say something about peoples knowledge of the universe.
教师可将学生们的回答简单地板书在黑板的一侧。然后让他们打开书阅读课文。
学生们阅读后，教师带着他们验证猜测。在这个过程中，实际上教师是在让学生熟悉本课的大意，并接触课文中的句型和词语。教师在黑板的另一侧板书课文中的关键词，与学生们的猜测答案相对照。下一步让学生逐段复述课文。反复数次后，让学生做根据课文某段所改编的完形填空题。如：
The universe means the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space ______ them. Many of the stars are so ______ away that we ______ see them.
The moon, our ______, travelled ______ the earth. It has been visited _____ man in spaceships.
Man-made ______ have been sent up ______ space by many countries. They go ______ the earth. They are used for helping us to learn more ______ the earth, the weather and other things. They are also used for sending and ______ messages. It makes people ______ different countries understand each other better. So people say the world
itself is becoming a much ______ place. People call the small place “the global village”.
Answers:
between, far, can not, satellite, round, by, satellites, into, round, about, receiving, from, smaller
学生在做这个练习答案的过程中，即复习了本课的词语，又掌握了与课文内容相关的新表达方式。这样他们完成其他练习也就不难了。教师可继续让他们将这个练习中的语句与课文作比较，找出异同，例如：
1) 课文—Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
练习—Many of the stars are so far away that we cannot see them.
2) 课文—The moon travels round the earth. It is our satellite.
练习—The moon, our satellite, travels round the earth.
在这种比较过程中，学生又一次熟悉了课文内容及词语，特别是被动语态的用法。与此同时也锻炼了他们的思维能力，认识到英语语言表达灵活的特点，为下一步第48课的词汇教学做好辅垫。
关于数字表达方法的教学建议
在教授第47课时，为了给学生创造更多的机会，教师可提供火车列车时刻表中全国各主要城市间的距离表或世界各地航空路程表，将其放大制成挂图，贴在黑板上。可先根据 Practise的内容，让学生做快速的连锁问答，使他们熟悉句型和数字，并达到脱口而出的熟练程度。然后练习Ask and answer可的材料。其中的'重要句型是：
1 ) How many kilometres by train is it from… to…?
2) How far away is…from…?
3) What about …?
教师要求学生用自己的词填入空缺的部分，这样可以造出许多句子，而且还可以复习或预习课文中出现的词语。例如：
1 ) How many li by air is it from … to…?
2) How far away is the earth from the moon?
3) What about other planet?
练习表示数量的方式有许多种，例如教师将一摞书带到课堂上，让学生猜每本书的页数。
做这样的对话：
T: How many pages do you think this book has?
SI: I think about 120.
T: No. The number is too small.
S2: What about 500?
T: Oh, thats too big.
S3: How about 250?
T: Thats quite right. 265.
在初中英语第一册和第二册中，我们已经陆续学习了数字的用法，教师可帮助学生回忆它们的念法，并做快速连锁问答。还可就长度、高度、重量等做问答，例如：How long is the Yellow River? How heavy is your bag? How tall/high is that tree?等等。
关于词语及对话练习的教学建议
本单元的生词大部分出现在阅读课文之中。而针对词汇的练习主要由48课的2和3两部分组成。即构词法的部分知识和有关选择电视节目的对话及词语练习。
首先，在教学构词法知识时，教师可采取提供部分例词，要求学生通过观察自己总结出构词规则的方式，让学生对构词法知识的认识从感性认识上升到理性认识，从而印象深刻， 记忆牢固。
现根据构词法将第一册到第三册中出现的有关单词归类如下：
复合名词：afternoon basketball bedroom birthday blackboard bookseller bookshop breakfast classmate classroom day-time doorbell Englishman fireplace football gate-keeper gateman grandparents granddaughter grandson handbag headache headmaster headteacher hometown homework housework kilometre know-all loudspeaker mooncake motorbike northeast northwest
pencil-box penfriend photograph playground policeman postcard railway reading-room shopkeeper southeast southwest spaceship sunrise sunshine teapot teamwork volleyball weekday
名词变形容词：interesting surprising northern southern woolen
动词变名词（结尾-er/or）：
cleaner driver inventor keeper teacher speaker traveller visitor worker
其次，提供讨论选择电视或电台节目的对话的教学过程（）。
建议教师先向学生展示电视和电台节目表，如下表：
TV: 1. Programme for Children Radio: 1. Music World
2. 9—part Series: Family (2) 2. News Report
3. China Reports 3. Foreign Languages Magazine
4. Series: Women 4. Window on Chinese History
5. Chinese Programmes for Foreigners
6. Music Bridge
7. Basketball Match (Beijing Vs Henan)
将主要句型提供给学，如下：
1) Which TV/radio programme shall we watch/listen to?
2) Which TV/radio programme do you think is more interesting/enjoyable?
3) Well, I dont think any of them is interesting/enjoyable.
4) I think I shall …instead.
5) Why dont you go and … instead?
6) Good idea. That is much better than … /…is better than…
学生看表进行对话练习。按全班、半班、两人小组操练句型，直至熟练为止。建议教师依靠表格和角色扮演等手段，让学生先口头熟悉对话内容，并采取各种形式进行口头操练，然后再据此完成不同的笔头练习。教师应鼓励学生积极思维，创造性地编出不同的对话。例如：
1) A: Which TV programme shall we watch? I cant decide.
B: Which do you think is more interesting?
A: Well, I think the children’s programme is more enjoyable.
B: Which channel is it on?
A: It is usually found on Channel 3. Try that.
B: Ive tried that. But I cant get it.
2) A: What are you doing?
B: Im trying to find our favourite TV programme—sports.
A: Have you got it yet?
B: No. I dont know which channel it is on.
A: It must be on Channel 14. Try that.
B: OK . But this is not sports.
A: Well, I dont think any of the programmes is interesting. I think I shall listen to the radio instead. Why dont you join me? It must be more enjoyable.
Lesson 45 教学设计示例
Period: The First Period
Content: Lesson 45
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Objects.
Teaching Objectives: the Passive Voice, be used for doing
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Check homework.
III. Leading in
Revise the Passive Voice again. Take out some objects to ask and answer.
What’s this in English?
What’s it made of?
Where was it made?
Do you want to buy a …?
IV. Presentation
Ask the individual: Do you have a computer? Does Laura have a computer? Where was it made? Listen to the tape or watch the flash and answer the questions, then read and act it out.
V. Practice
Part 2. Discuss the model with the students. Point out that “by people” is usually omitted.
Do the first one with the whole class as an example, then let the students work on their own, write down the answers in their exercise books. Check the answers with the whole class. Explain the new words and expressions.
1. put… into
Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
2. point at
He is pointing at the map.
3. information: news
VI. Writing
Let the students practise this structure: be used for doing.
Show pictures: satellite, universe
Then let the students make sentences in their exercise books, Finally, check the answers with the whole class.
VII. Exercise in class
Fill in the blanks:
1. The moon travels round the earth. It’s our ___________.
2. There must be ___________ wrong with the radio.
3. She ___________ me a letter last week.
4. Sheep are ___________ by farmers for producing wool and meat.
5. Most of us are ___________in English. ( interested)
VIII. Homework
1. Finish off the workbook.
2. Make five sentences using “be used for doing”.
Lesson 46 教学设计示例
Period: The Second Period
Content: Lesson 46
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures.
Teaching Objectives:
1. Understand the text.
2. Revise different verb tenses.
Language Focus:
1. The useful expressions: so far, with one’s help, thanks to.
2. The Present Perfect Tense.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Revise the dialogue in Lesson 45.
III. Leading in
Show some pictures that introduce the sun, the moon, the earth, space, spaceship, satellite, universe, etc.
Ask the students to look at the pictures and say: Look, this is a satellite. Today we are going to read about it. The title of the passage is “The Universe and Man - made satellite”. Watch the video about satellite and speak out what a satellite is.
After watching, let the students discuss the questions for a while. Get them to give the explanations in English.
For instance: A satellite goes round the earth. The moon is a satellite of the earth. There are many man-made satellites in the space too. Then explain that man-made is an adjective meaning made by people. “Man” in this text means “the human race”.
IV. Reading
Get the students to look at the questions below:
What do we mean when we talk about the universe?
Why can’t many stars be seen?
How far is the moon away from the earth?
Has the moon been visited by man already?
Have any man-made machines travelled farther than the moon? What are they?
What do you know about the universe?
Why do we say the world itself is becoming smaller and smaller?
Read the passage carefully and discuss the answers in pairs. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
Give the students some more background information about spaceships without people: Some spaceships have been sent to visit different planets, such as Mars, Venus and Jupiter.
Ask the students to write down the answers in the exercise books. The suggested answer to the last question is: With the help of the man-made satellites, it is easy for different countries to send and receive messages. We can also use satellites to help us make telephone calls to foreign countries.
V. Practice
Play Speech Cassette or video for the students to listen or watch. For the second time, let the students repeat after it, at last, the students can read the pass
age at the same time while playing the sounds.
Give the students some free time to practice reading aloud. Then ask some of them to read in class. Check their reading. Explain:
so far: We have learned 2022 words so far.
With one’s help: With the teachers help, he caught up with the other students.
Knowledge: Our knowledge of the USA is not so good.
Thanks to: Thanks to Tom’s help, we finished the work on time.
VI. Do Exercise below:
The universe means the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space ______ them. Many of the stars are so ______ away that we ______ see them.
The moon, our ______, travelled ______ the earth. It has been visited _____ man in spaceships.
Man-made ______ have been sent up ______ space by many countries. They go ______ the earth. They are used for helping us to learn more ______ the earth, the weather and other things. They are also used for sending and ______ messages. It makes people ______ different countries understand each other better. So people say the world itself is becoming a much ______ place. People call the small place “the global village”.
The answers: between, far, can not, satellite, round, by, satellites, into, round, about, receiving, from, smaller
VII. Consolidation
Read the passage again, ask the students to find sentences what replace those in text.
1) Text —Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.
Exercise —Many of the stars are so far away that we cannot see them.
2) Text —The moon travels round the earth. It is our satellite.Exercise —The moon, our satellite, travels round the earth.
VIII. Homework
1.Fill in the blanks。
Man-made s ________ have been s ________ up into space by many countries. They can be used for sending and r ________ messages. For example, w ________ their help, China can send its TV and radio p ________ to the other side of the w ________. We can also use them to help us m ________ telephone, calls to f ________ countries. T ________ to them, the world itself is becoming a much s ________ place and people from different countries. Now u ________ each other better.
2. Let the students retell the text.
3. Make six sentences using the Present Perfect Tense.
Lesson 47 教学设计示例
Period: The Third Period
Content: Lesson 47
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector.
Teaching Objectives: Revise the distance and dialogues.
Language Focus: the modal verbs, numbers.
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Revise the text and ask some students to read their retellings in class. Then practise the Present -Perfect Tense.
III. Leading in
Get the students to look at the Exercise
1 ) How many kilometres by train is it from… to…?
2) How far away is…from…?
3) What about …?
Tell the students to read the model question. Let them understand this exercise, then get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
IV. Practice
Part 2. Let the students look at the diagram, It tells us the distance between cities. Let’s look at the model first.
A: How many kilometres by train is it from Nanjing to Wuhan?
B: 1229. ( One thousand two hundred and twenty nine)
A: How many kilometres is it from Kunming to Shanghai?
B: 2677. How many....?
Ask the whole class some questions about the distance. Make sure the students can say numbers correctly. Then divide them into small groups to make up questions. At last, report their work in class.
V. Acting
Let the students read Part 3 silently. Ask them to practise in pairs. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
VI. Workbook
For Exercise 1, ask and answer in pairs.
For Exercise 3. Get the students to read over the sentences and fill in the blanks.
The answers are: was ...repaired, began, make, was told, got, decided, received, found, would be repaired
Exercises in class
Change the following sentences into Passive Voice
1. Bruce writes a letter to his parents every week.
2.Lilei mended the broken kite this morning.
3.1 must buy a Christmas present for Mr Green.
4. Li Ming cant finish the homework on time.
5. We should water the flowers twice a day.
VI. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Lesson 48 教学设计示例
Period: The Fourth Period
Content: Lesson 48
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector.
Teaching Objectives:
1. Learn how to build words.
2. Practise listening.
Language Focus:
1. Word formation
2. the Passive Voice
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing the teaching aims
II. Revision
Go through some pairs to act out their dialogues written in the exercise books.
III. Listen
Ask the students to read through the questions of Exercise I in the workbook, ask them to guess the answers before listening. Then listen carefully, check the answers with each other. Listen again and repeat. Answers: 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.C
IV. Word building
Explain that in English, we can make new words by combining two words together for example:
Class + room = classroom, home + work = homework, police + man = policeman
Let the students think of other examples they have learnt. Then look at Exercise 2 in the wordbook, read through the list. Make sure the students can understand the meaning of the words. Pay attention, in American English “woolen” and “traveler” are spelt as “woolen” and “traveled”
V. Practice
Part 2. Divide the students into two groups to practise. Point out that “Which do you think is more interesting? = Which programme (of the two) is more interesting?” And the use of shall to express a decision in I think I shall read a book instead. Get the students to practise all the dialogues. Make up as many as they can. Then act it out in class.
VI. Acting
Let the students read proverbs Exercise 4. Make the students understand the Chinese meaning. Ask them to practise them after class.
VII. Practice
Get the students to look at the Exercise 5 in the workbook and have a discussion.
Ask: What activities do you do every day? What activities do you like most? What activities do you like least? Then ask the students to practise in pairs.
VIII. Writing
Ask the students to look at the pictures, let them really understand the meaning of each picture. Collect some ideas and information. Share with the students. Then try to make up a short story and write it down.
After finishing writing, ask the students to check their partners work, then ask them to hand in their writings for marking.
IX. Workbook
Do Exercise 3, ask the students to find compound words.
For Exercise 6, do it with the whole class. The answers are:
1. put up 2. put. . . away 3. put on 4. put. . . down
5. Put up 6. Put. . . on 7. put down
Exercises in class
Rewrite the following sentences in another way.
1.I dont like watching TV, she doesn’t like it, either.
________ I ________ she _________ watching TV.
2. We should deal with the problem more carefully.
The problem ________ ________ ________ with more carefully _______ ________.
3. The buses were made in the factory.
They ________ the buses in the factory.
4. Talking in class is wrong.
It _________ right _________ _________in class.
Answers: 1. Neither…nor, likes 2. should be dealed, by us 3. made 4. isn’t, to talk
X. Homework
1. Prepare for the exam.
2. Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
探究活动
读文谈感受
读下面关于时间的小资料，然后谈一谈自己的感受。
A punctual(守时的) person is in the habit of doing a thing at the proper time and is never late in keeping an appointment.
The unpunctual man, on the other hand, never does what he has to do at the proper time. He is always in a hurry and in the end loses both time and his good name. There is a proverb(
谚语) which says, Time flies never to be recalled(召回). This is very true. A lost thing may be found again, but lost time can never be regained. Time is more valuable than material things. In fact time is life itself, and the unpunctual man is for ever wasting and mismanaging his most valuable asset(财产) as well as others. The unpunctual man is always complaining that he finds no time to answer letters, or return calls or keep appointments promptly. But the man who really has a great deal to do is very careful of his time and seldom complains of want of it. He knows that he can not get through his immense amount of work unless he faithfully keeps every appointment promptly and deals with every piece of work when it has to be attended to.
用英语复述
读下面的小文章，试着用英语复述。
你旅行时在时间上会发生很多奇怪的事，因为地球分为24个时区，一区相差一小时。有些天可能多于或少于24小时，有些星期可能多于或少于7天。
如果你用五天时间横渡大西洋，你乘的船每天都进入一个不同的时区。你进入每一时区，时间就改变一小时。向西行，你把钟往后拨；向东行，则往前拨。你旅行的每一天都有25或23小时。
如果你乘船横渡太平洋，你就会越过国际日期变更线。根据协议，这是新一天开始的地方。你越过该线，就得把你的日历向后或向前改动一整天。向东行，今天变成了昨天；向西行，今天变成了明天！
参考答案：
Strange things happen to time when you travel, because the earth is divided into twenty-four time zones(时区), one hour apart. You can have days with more or fewer than twenty-four hours, and weeks with more or fewer than seven days.
If you make a five-day drip across the Atlantic Ocean(大西洋)，your ship enters a different time zone every day. As you enter each zone, the time changes one hour. Traveling west, you set your clock back; traveling east, you set it ahead. Each day of your trip has either twenty-five or twenty-three hours.
If you travel by ship across the Pacific(太平洋)， you cross the international date line(国际日期变更线). By agreement, this is the point where a new day begins. When you cross the line, you change your calendar one full day, backward or forward. Traveling east, today becomes yesterday; traveling west, it is tomorrow!
总结如何来做笔记
先在课堂上讨论如何做笔记和如何使用笔记。把主要的结论写在黑板上，让学生选出一条结论在课后进行扩写，一句话或两句话即可，可使用字典等工具书，内容要有生词、主从句、动词不定式、被动语态等语法项目。第二天或第在下节课上出示范句。
范句：
字迹清楚
Accurate, legible(字迹清楚的) notes are invaluable(非常宝贵的) aids to the student who is enrolled in a lecture course.
不但在听讲时,还在课前预习课文时
Notes should be taken during lectures, and when the student is reading the texts prior to each session of the course.
能听进很多内容，只记下教师所讲内容的要点
The key to good note-taking is to be able to listen a lot and to write only as much as is needed to record the essence(精华) of a point or idea presented by the lecturer.
辨别出主要论点和意见，并记下其概要
Students should endeavor(努力去) to identify only the main points and ideas being presented and to write them down in outline(概要) form.
力争把笔记第一次记好
Students should also strive(力争) to take good notes the first time and not plan to recopy notes - or to do so only when clarity and conciseness demand it
再把笔记复习
Students should review their notes for about five minutes on the same day that they take them, and go over them again for about half an hour at least once a week, according to a regular schedule or plan.
小结
There is no course syllabus(大纲) to be memorized; instead, the examination will be based on the material presented in the lectures and textbooks.
总结复习的重要性
组织学生们用英语来讲一讲复习的重要性。教师根据学生们提出的想法及时进行总结。
参考资料
Most forgetting takes place immediately after learning. An hour after studying or learning something new, more than 50% has been forgotten. After one month 80% has been forgotten and so on.
This shows that review is very important. If you review new material you have learnt, you remember much more. Its important to review newly learnt material a little and often. Its also necessary to have frequent breaks(间歇). We best remember what we learn at the beginning of a learning period and at the point where we stop. After the break, its necessary to review what was learnt before the break - and then to continue learning the new material.
Other experiments have shown that the brain needs time to digest what has been learnt. The time necessary for this is 5 to 10 minutes. After a break of this time the memory will have absorbed what it has just learnt, and more will be remembered.
鲁迅作品的教学指导
20世纪90年代以来，鲁迅作品难教、难学，好像已经成为中学语文教师和学生的共识。很多谈论鲁迅作品教学的文章，都喜欢引进所谓学生的口头禅：“一怕文言文，二怕写作文，三怕周树人”或“一怕写作文，二怕周树人，三怕文言文”。当下，鲁迅作品难教、难学，似乎已成定论。从舆论势头看来，谁要对此表示一点不同意见，就难逃灭顶之灾。然而，我还是想说一点己见，就教于方家。反正我已是七老八十之人，即使遭受灭顶之灾而声名狼藉也与我的人生没有大碍了。
鲁迅作品的教学难不难?当然有点难。在我看来，其难有二：一是时代的隔阂。鲁迅作品反映的实际生活距离现在都在七八十年以上，那时的中国与当今的中国有着天壤之别。对那时的中国没有起码认知的人，理解和把握鲁迅作品所表达的思想，难度当然很大;二是情愫的隔膜。鲁迅一生忧国忧民，为了民族的复兴、民众的新生，他置个人的荣辱乃至生死于度外。被一切向钱看意识毒化而一切为了个人享乐的人，理解和认同鲁迅作品所宣泄的情感，怎会没有难度?
在全民娱乐化，文化快餐化，阅读卡通化的当下，教学鲁迅作品有难度，是一个不争的事实。是不是因为有难度就不教不学了呢?如果因为有难度就不教不学，那么比鲁迅作品还要难教难学的古文是不是更可以不教不学呢?倘若这个假设成立，那么就该全盘取消语文教学了。
其实，教学都有难度，没有难度就不需要教学。韩愈在《师说》的开篇就说“师者，传道授业解惑也。”“解惑”，从教学领域来讲，就是教师通过教学来引导、帮助学生解除疑惑(“难”)。因此，教学鲁迅作品有难度，就不能成为把鲁迅作品排除出语文教科书的理由。
鲁迅作品洋溢着崇高精神，鲁迅作品充满着语文智慧，鲁迅作品真切地反映了19世纪后期至20世纪30年代这一中华民族处于生死存亡关键阶段的社会万象与人生百态，无疑是中华儿女尤其是青少年进行人文修养、道德修养、语文修养的好教材。民国时期就有二十余篇鲁迅作品入选语文教材，无可争辩地说明，鲁迅作品是中华民族共有的语文资源。我们绝对没有理由因为教学鲁迅作品有一定难度，就采取排斥的态度。
教学鲁迅作品的困难是不是无从克服呢?不是!绝对不是!这是我通过自己的教学实践得出的结论。
我执教高中语文多年，选入高中语文课本的所有鲁迅作品都讲授过;我在几度带学生实习的过程中，都对学生备教鲁迅作品进行了具体的指导。无论是我的教还是我任课班级学生的学以及经我指导的实习生的教，都未曾遇到无以克服的特别困难。在我的印象中，好像我的学生学鲁迅作品和教鲁迅作品，都是比较有兴趣的。
有人或许会问我：那么，你是怎样教鲁迅作品的呢?
我在讲授鲁迅作品方面最主要的方法有两条。
第一条是紧紧扣住鲁迅作品的思想脉络(即思想流)。要做到这一点，就要透过语言的表象，发现作品的思想脉络。
比如说，选进初中语文教材多年的《论雷峰塔的倒掉》这篇杂文，从语言表象看来，很像一篇叙事散文，其实它是一篇具有严密的逻辑论证关系的论文(一篇“社会论文”——战斗的“阜利通”[feuilleton])。可是，自从这篇文章选进初中语文教材以后，在很长时间内，各种教学参考书都置它内在固有的严密逻辑论证关系于不顾，而把它当作叙事散文来分析。结果是：以“参考书”之昏昏而使接受“参考”的教师昏昏，又以接受“参考”的教师之昏昏使其学生更加昏昏。
1981年三四月间，我带学生到一所初中实习。一天，一个担任初二语文教学任务的学生跟我说：《论雷峰塔的倒掉》这篇文章的脉络搞不清，教案不知从何写起。我就要他看看参考资料。他说：“教学法老师单就这篇文章印发给我们四份参考资料，但我们却越参考越糊涂了。”我就要他把参考资料拿来看看。真是 “不看不知道，一看吓一跳”，原来四份很有来头的参考资料都没有发现这篇文章的“论”的本质。于是，我让他将其他三个有这篇文章教学任务的同学找来，然后与他们一起梳理这篇文章的逻辑论证关系。把论证关系理清以后，四个学生心里豁然开朗而兴奋不已。为了使他们根据文章固有的逻辑论证关系写成的教案得到原任课教师的批准，我亲自出面作了沟通。而后又指导他们用图表法把这篇文章的逻辑论证关系显现出来，在预习阶段就把这个图表挂在教室里，让他们的学生在上课前就有所了解，为课堂上正式讲解和讨论做好准备。结果，四个学生分别在四个班级讲授这篇文章，都获得了意想不到的成功。
实习结束后，我写成《〈论雷峰塔的倒掉〉的篇章分析》投给《语文知识丛刊》(北京市语言学会编，地震出版社)，该刊于1982年8月出版的第4期刊发了拙作。时隔22年后，人民教育出版社出版的九年义务教育三年制初级中学语文第四册《教师教学用书》(1994年5月第1版)，全文收进了拙作《〈论雷峰塔的倒掉〉的篇章分析》，并置于指导教学《论雷峰塔的倒掉》的四篇“有关资料”之首。这个事实说明，当年我在指导实习学生教学《论雷峰塔的倒掉》一文时，透过语言的表象发现作品的思想脉络从而揭示其逻辑论证关系的做法是基本正确和可行的。
第二条是紧紧扣住鲁迅作品的情感脉络(即情感流)。要做到这一点，就要抓住关键的语句，发现作品的情感脉络。
比如说，选进高中语文教材多年的《纪念刘和珍君》这篇杂文，是以情纬文的典型文章。《纪念刘和珍君》表达了对段祺瑞执政府虐杀徒手请愿爱国学生的罪恶行径的极度愤慨之情;表达了对某些学者文人制造与散布阴险流言的无比愤怒之情;表达了对爱国学生在执政府前临危不惧互相救助的崇高精神的高度钦佩之情;表达了对被被段祺瑞执政府虐杀的爱国学生的极大痛惜之情。这四种感情交合一起形成一股情感流贯穿全篇。这股贯穿全篇的情感流，既深蕴于全部文字，又以一条语言链显豁在读者眼前。这条语言链就是：“我也早觉得有写一点东西的必要了，……可是我实在无话可说。”——“我们还在这样的世上活着，……我正有写一点东西的必要了。”——“我还有什么话可说呢?……但是，我还有要说的话。”——“呜呼，我说不出话”。假如教师能够引导学生发现并清理出这条语言链，学生就能初步感知鲁迅写作该文时的极其复杂的心境，这就为理解贯穿全篇的情感流拓开了心路，也就为吸收该文所展现的语文智慧奠定了基础。
我在写作教学中，曾经多次以《纪念刘和珍君》为例，解说以情纬文的写作方法，每当我点破这条贯穿全篇的语言链之后，学生就对贯穿全篇的情感流有了感悟，进而对以情为径把复杂事象组合成篇的写法就有所理解和把握。
虽说在教学鲁迅作品方面，无论是我的教还是我任课班级学生的学以及经我指导的'实习生的教，都未曾遇到无以克服的特别困难，但是，我对不少师生关于鲁迅作品难教难学的感觉还是很理解的。因为我知道，广大师生对鲁迅作品的教学往往受到来自某些权威“参考资料”的误导。
比如，《藤野先生》这篇充满语文智慧的记人散文，是青少年进行人格修养、人文修养、写作修养的好教材。本来这篇散文语言通达、形象鲜明、主旨显豁、情趣盎然，无论是教师的教还是学生的学都会很有兴趣而且没有多大困难。可是，一旦被来自某些权威“教学参考资料”误导，就很容易陷入困境而生厌弃之想。
我曾经读过《探寻救国真理的道路上——〈藤野先生〉分析》(《鲁迅作品分析》，上海教育出版社，1978年出版)、《〈藤野先生〉导读设计》(《中学语文教学》，1986年，第8期)、《〈藤野先生〉教学说明》(《初级中学语文第五册参考书》，人民教育出版社，1984年版)、《怎样分析〈藤野先生〉的主题思想》(蔡澄清，《鲁迅作品教学浅谈》)等论文与教学参考资料，发现大多认定《藤野先生》这篇散文的主人公是鲁迅或者是藤野先生和鲁迅，其主题思想是表达鲁迅的爱国思想或者是既赞扬藤野先生的崇高品质也表现鲁迅自己的爱国思想。
真是奇怪，文章的题目明明是《藤野先生》，怎么表现的对象却是鲁迅或鲁迅和藤野先生?我带着这个问题仔细研读了《藤野先生》之后，确认这些论文和教学参考资料的作者都误读或部分误读了这篇优秀散文，以致对它的表现对象、主题思想以及构篇方法都作了错解或部分错解。于是我写了《〈藤野先生〉所写的是藤野先生》(《徽州师专学报》，1987年，第2期，第101-104页。)一文。该文对前述几篇论文和教学参考资料的一些观点进行辨析之后，确认： “《藤野先生》是一篇内容和形式完美统一、文章和题目高度统一的典范文章。”从结构上看，“她没有什么缺陷需要辩解，没有什么漏洞需要填补。她立体地反映生活，联系中展现人生，这是习惯于平面地、孤立地看问题的人难于理解的。然而，假如我们真的认为，这篇作品是表现鲁迅的爱国思想的或者是既赞扬藤野先生的崇高品质也表现鲁迅自己的爱国思想的，那鲁迅的在天之灵也会不安至极。因为，这等于说，鲁迅当年写作此文，是借写藤野先生之名，行表现自己之实。”
现在我要补充说：《藤野先生》是学习写作记人散文的极佳范本。她不是通过记一件事或二三事来表现某个人(爸爸、妈妈、老师、同学或者英模等等)的思想与情操，而是以作者的一段生活、思想历程为线索来结构全篇，通过记录大大小小、点点滴滴、看似无关其实有关的事情，集中表现主人公的情思与人格。
凭心而论，鲁迅作品之所以难教、难学，除了因为往往受到来自某些权威“教学参考资料”的误导之外，还由于常常受到升学、晋级考试试题的干扰。各级各类升学、晋级考试的语文试题中，难免有题目出自鲁迅作品，而出自鲁迅作品的试题大多是怪题、偏题。这就逼使中学语文教师在教学鲁迅作品时多长心眼、长怪心眼，这就导致鲁迅作品越来越难教、越来越难学。
总之，要开辟鲁迅作品教学的新生面，走出难教难学的困境，必须以平常心来对作品本身进行认真的钻研，以求正确地理解和把握作品本身固有的思想流、情感流。为此，必须排除来自方方面面的误导和干扰。我以为。
伤感的英语语句
Atrue friend is some one who reaches for your hand and touches your heart.一个真正的朋友是向你伸出手,触动你心灵的人。
But most of all thank you for 但我最想感谢你的是。
Don‘t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。
Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. 不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的'时候出现。
Don‘t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn‘t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。
Atrue friend is some one who reaches for your hand and touches your heart.一个真正的朋友是向你伸出手,触动你心灵的人。
But most of all thank you for 但我最想感谢你的是。
Don‘t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。
Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. 不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。
Don‘t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn‘t willing to waste their time on you. 不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。 Encouraging me when I need a shove 当我需要动力时你鼓励我。
Go back to the past, www.qqkelong.net can return.回到过去，只能回到。
Grief and tragedy and hatred are only for a time. Goodness, remembrance and love have no end.忧伤、悲痛、仇恨只是短暂的感觉，而善良、记忆和爱却是永久的情愫。
I dropped a tear in the ocean, and when i find it thats the day i will stop loving you.我的一颗眼泪掉进了海洋，当我找到它的那一天就是我停止爱你的那一天。
i have just three words for you today: i love you. 今天，我只为你献上三个字：我爱你。
I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you. 我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉。
If i could only be with you in my dreams ,baby, well ... i would want to sleep forever.如果只有在梦里才能和你在一起，那么，宝贝，我宁愿长睡不起。 If I cried for every time that i thought about you i would end up drowning.如果每次想起你我都要哭的话，我将会最终被淹死。
In love’s bumpy road, we’d better not say love.在爱情的坎坷路上，我们最好别说爱。
Love does not consist of gazing at each other ，but in looking outward together in the same direction. 爱不在于彼此凝视，而是注视着同一个方向。
Loving me for who I am 爱上像我这样的一个人。
Need not be anyone understood, more don’t like anyone to explain themselves.不需要被任何人理解，更不想跟任何人解释自己。 No amount of damage I don’t care, wiped away tears tell yourself prohibit to cry.再多的伤害我也不在乎，擦干眼泪告诉自己不准哭。
Often by those I ignore, only in lost just know that is the most precious.往往被我忽视的那些，只有在失去了才知道那是最珍贵的。
Picking me up when I’m down 当我沮丧时你拉拔我。
Teaching me the meaning of love 教导我爱的意义是什么。
鲁迅作品《经验》
古人所传授下来的经验，有些实在是极可宝贵的，因为它曾经费去许多牺牲，而留给后人很大的益处。
偶然翻翻《本草纲目》，不禁想起了这一点。这一部书，是很普通的书，但里面却含有丰富的宝藏。自然，捕风捉影的记载，也是在所不免的，然而大部分的药品的功用，却由历久的经验，这才能够知道到这程度，而尤其惊人的是关于毒药的叙述。我们一向喜欢恭维古圣人，以为药物是由一个神农皇帝独自尝出来的，他曾经一天遇到过七十二毒，但都有解法，没有毒死。这种传说，现在不能主宰人心了。人们大抵已经知道一切文物，都是历来的无名氏所逐渐的造成。建筑，烹饪，渔猎，耕种，无不如此;医药也如此。这么一想，这事情可就大起来了：大约古人一有病，最初只好这样尝一点，那样尝一点，吃了毒的就死，吃了不相干的`就无效，有的竟吃到了对证的就好起来，于是知道这是对于某一种病痛的药。这样地累积下去，乃有草创的纪录，后来渐成为庞大的书，如《本草纲目》就是。而且这书中的所记，又不独是中国的，还有阿剌伯人的经验，有印度人的经验，则先前所用的牺牲之大，更可想而知了。
然而也有经过许多人经验之后，倒给了后人坏影响的，如俗语说“各人自扫门前雪，莫管他家瓦上霜”的便是其一。救急扶伤，一不小心，向来就很容易被人所诬陷，而还有一种坏经验的结果的歌诀，是“衙门八字开，有理无钱莫进来”，于是人们就只要事不干己，还是远远的站开干净。我想，人们在社会里，当初是并不这样彼此漠不相关的，但因豺狼当道，事实上因此出过许多牺牲，后来就自然的都走到这条道路上去了。所以，在中国，尤其是在都市里，倘使路上有暴病倒地，或翻车摔伤的人，路人围观或甚至于高兴的人尽有，肯伸手来扶助一下的人却是极少的。这便是牺牲所换来的坏处。
总之，经验的所得的结果无论好坏，都要很大的牺牲，虽是小事情，也免不掉要付惊人的代价。例如近来有些看报的人，对于什么宣言，通电，讲演，谈话之类，无论它怎样骈四俪六，崇论宏议，也不去注意了，甚而还至于不但不注意，看了倒不过做做嘻笑的资料。这那里有“始制文字，乃服衣裳”一样重要呢，然而这一点点结果，却是牺牲了一大片地面，和许多人的生命财产换来的。生命，那当然是别人的生命，偶是自己，就得不着这经验了。所以一切经验，是只有活人才能有的，我的决不上别人讥刺我怕死，就去自杀或拚命的当，而必须写出这一点来，就为此。而且这也是小小的经验的结果。
六月十二日。